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Racism vs Prejudice: A Reader
Racism: From Slavery to Advanced Capitalism
Carter A. Wilson
1996, Sage Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA
p 16
The Model
Racism
assumed different forms in different countries and historical periods.
In the United States, it appeared with the establishment of a
slave-based economy.
It persisted throughout American history,
and it changed forms in different stages of history. In this chapter, we
develop a model designed to illustrate processes that sustain racial
oppression and to identify changes in forms of racism. This model
focuses on the economic, political, and cultural dimensions of racism.
It
examines each dimension separately and briefly explains how each
interacts with the others. The general view that emerges from this model
is that racial oppression is sustained within an exploitative and
oppressive economic structure. This structure shapes the formation of a
racist culture that functions to reinforce patterns of racial
oppression. The state, operating within this economic and cultural
context, generally supports and legitimizes oppressive relations.
However, its role is the most indeterminate because it is alterable by
social movements, depressions, wars, technological changes, and
international pressures. We begin our analysis with a discussion of the
economic dimension, then proceed to the political and cultural
dimensions. We conclude with a discussion of how the three dimensions
interact.
Understanding Prejudice, Racism, and Social Conflict
ed Martha Augoustinos, Katherine Jane Reynolds
2001, Sage Publications Ltd, Thousand Oakes, CA
p 3
Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
2014, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Plymouth, England
p 26
Racism
Albert Memmi
2000, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
pp 92-93
Racism
Robert Miles
2004, Routledge, London England
pp 67-68
The Everyday Language of White Racism
Jane H. Hill
2009, John Wiley & Sons, Malden, MA
p 4
Race, Class, and Gender in the United States
Paula S. Rothenberg
2008, Worth Publishers, New York, NY
p 126
New Racism: Revisiting Researcher Accountabilities
Norma Romm
2010, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York, NY
p 91
New Racism: Revisiting Researcher Accountabilities
Norma Romm
2010, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York, NY
p 448
New Racism: Revisiting Researcher Accountabilities
Norma Romm
2010, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York, NY
p 449
'That’s Racist Against White People!' A Discussion on Power and Privilege
Jami Utt, Everday Feminism
20 August 2013
http://everydayfeminism.com/2013/08/racist-against-white-people
Now aside from the mountains of evidence that makes someone look a little silly when they claim that those with seemingly endless identity privilege are widely oppressed in society, I am realizing more and more that we have a problem of language precision. Too often, when people are talking about racism or sexism or heterosexism or any other form of oppression, they’re simply referring to when a person was made to feel bad for or about their identity.
...
Yes. Any person of any identity can be an asshole to any person of any other identity. But that doesn’t make it oppression. It doesn’t even make it racism or sexism or heterosexim or any other -ism. There is a profound danger in watering down our discussion of identity by removing any mention of societal power, oppression, and privilege.
Explaining White Privilege to a Broke White Person
Gina Crosley-Corcoran, Huffington Post
08 May 2014
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gina-crosleycorcoran/explaining-white-privilege-to-a-broke-white-person_b_5269255.html
As you can see, belonging to one or more category of privilege, especially being a straight, white, middle-class, able-bodied male, can be like winning a lottery you didn't even know you were playing. But this is not to imply that any form of privilege is exactly the same as another, or that people lacking in one area of privilege understand what it's like to be lacking in other areas. Race discrimination is not equal to sex discrimination and so forth.
And listen: Recognizing privilege doesn't mean suffering guilt or shame for your lot in life. Nobody's saying that straight, white, middle-class, able-bodied males are all a bunch of assholes who don't work hard for what they have. Recognizing privilege simply means being aware that some people have to work much harder just to experience the things you take for granted (if they ever can experience them at all).
I know now that I am privileged in many ways. I am privileged as a natural-born white citizen. I am privileged as a cisgender woman. I am privileged as an able-bodied person. I am privileged that my first language is also our national language, and that I was born with an intellect and ambition that pulled me out of the poverty that I was otherwise destined for. I was privileged to be able to marry my way "up" by partnering with a privileged, middle-class, educated male who fully expected me to earn a college degree.
The Subtle Linguistics Of Polite White Supremacy
Yaro Brown, The Magical Negro
03 August 2015
http://www.themagicalnegro.net/2015/08/03/defining-and-defying-polite-white-supremacy
Prejudice, though harmful, is not necessarily systemic and can be committed by anyone. It simply requires one to pre-judge. It does not require its user to have any access to the ruling class or status of whiteness. However, you have to be part of or support the ruling class to wield the power of racism. Those who are not part of the white ruling class, yet support white supremacy of any form, are called agents of white supremacy. They are not white, but benefit in some direct way from empowering and enforcing white supremacy often times on their own people. Historically black overseers and house slaves were bestowed more rights, and ultimately more power during slavery. These were employed agents of white supremacy who oppressed their fellow blacks. This employment was a status. It was a form of racist power that white slave owners gave to black overseers as a way to also instill mistrust within the black community. Prejudice alone, has no real power without the system of control and power to support it.
